Footnotes

• ZC and SK are joint first authors.

• Contributors ZC and SK: draft, data analysis and editing of the manuscript. NH, AB and DLS: critical review of manuscript. RW and KA: concept development and critical review of manuscript.

• Competing interests SK, ZC, NH, AB and RW have no competing interests to declare. DLS has grant funding from Norgine. She provides consultancy/speaker bureau for Norgine, Alfa Sigma, Kaleido Biosciences, Shionogi, Falk Pharma and Mallinckrodt. KA has grant funding from Abbott, Gilead and MSD. He provides consultancy/speaker bureau for Assembly, Aligos, Arbutus, Gilead, Immunocore, Janssen, Roche, Sobi, Shionoigi, Vir.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.