Simple association of analysed variables with RET
| Variable and type | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous variables | Mean (no RET) | Mean (RET) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 126.58 | 117.10 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 101.24 | 92.52 | <0.001 |
| Urea, mmol/L | 14.64 | 17.86 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68.48 | 64.20 | <0.001 |
| Pulse, beats/min | 88.27 | 91.54 | 0.01 |
| Platelets, ×1012 cells/L | 279.41 | 258.71 | 0.02 |
| Age, years | 68.20 | 68.73 | 0.60 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 126.57 | 123.62 | 0.66 |
| INR | 1.57 | 1.59 | 0.84 |
| Categorical variables | OR | χ2 statistic | |
| Fresh melaena | 3.08 | 71.29 | <0.001 |
| Old melaena | 0.29 | 38.16 | <0.001 |
| Coffee ground vomitus | 0.29 | 27.13 | <0.001 |
| Fresh haematemesis | 1.67 | 14.12 | <0.001 |
| Per rectum bleeding | 0.92 | 2.92 | 0.23 |
| Sex (male) | 1.49 | 8.39 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity: NZ European (reference level) | 1.00 | NA | NA |
| Ethnicity: Maori | 1.24 | 1.62 | 0.20 |
| Year of bleeding event | 1.42 | 6.90 | 0.01 |
| History of peptic ulcer disease | 1.83 | 4.62 | 0.03 |
| Inpatient status | 1.13 | 4.25 | 0.12 |
| Duration of symptoms less than 8 h before presentation | 1.31 | 3.24 | 0.07 |
| Syncope on presentation | 1.37 | 2.93 | 0.09 |
| Ranitidine use | 2.05 | 4.57 | 0.03 |
| PPI use | 0.78 | 2.48 | 0.12 |
| Warfarin use | 1.28 | 2.37 | 0.12 |
| NSAID or aspirin use | 0.76 | 2.00 | 0.16 |
| NSAID use | 1.19 | 1.67 | 0.20 |
| Clexane use | 1.25 | 0.40 | 0.53 |
| Thrombolysis in past 28 days | 0.96 | 0.27 | 0.60 |
| Unfractionated heparin use | 1.49 | 0.22 | 0.64 |
| Clopidogrel use | 0.66 | 1.21 | 0.27 |
| Aspirin use | 0.48 | 0.98 | 0.32 |
| Dipyridamole use | 0.92 | 0.00 | 0.96 |
| Presence of disseminated cancer | 0.39 | 3.50 | 0.06 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.14 | 0.86 | 0.35 |
| Gastric or oesophageal cancer | 1.15 | 0.83 | 0.36 |
| Chronic renal impairment | 0.00 | 0.78 | 0.38 |
| Diabetes | 1.09 | 0.21 | 0.65 |
| COPD | 1.10 | 0.11 | 0.74 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.29 | 0.05 | 0.83 |
| Previous stroke | 0.94 | 0.03 | 0.86 |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 1.04 | 0.02 | 0.90 |
| ASA score | 1.08 | 0.67 | 0.96 |
Variable ‘year of bleeding event’ defined as a dichotomous variable: ie, either the first or the second half of the study period.
ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiology; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; INR, international normalised ratio; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; RET, requirement of endoscopic therapy.