Diagnostic procedures | General complications | Perforation risk (%) |
---|---|---|
Oesphagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) | Bleeding Pain Risks of sedation (1%): hypotension, desaturation, bradycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia and aspiration Perforation | 0.01 |
Flexible sigmoidoscopy | 0.08 | |
Diagnostic colonoscopy | 0.1–0.3 | |
Small bowel enteroscopy | 0.3 | |
Therapeutic procedures | Specific complications | Perforation risk |
Oesophageal stenting | 5–25 Mainly dependent on nature of stricture benign versus malignant, length of the stricture and the type of stent employed. | |
Oesophageal dilatation ▸ Benign strictures ▸ Malignant strictures | 3 0.5 2–6 | |
Polypectomy | 0.3–1 | |
Balloon dilatation for colonic strictures | 4 | |
Colonic stenting | 6 | |
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | Pancreatitis (3–5%) Cholangitis (2%) | Retroperitoneal perforation occurs in <1% of sphincterotomies |
Percutaneous endoscopic fastrostomy (PEG) | Overall complication rate (5–10%) Serious complications (1.5–5%): aspiration, bleeding, Damage to internal organs, perforation, buried bumper syndrome, wound infections. Minor complications (6%): feeding tube occlusion, peristomal pain | |
Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) | Bleeding 1–45% (usually observed during procedure or during the first 24 h postprocedure) Delayed bleeding reported in up to 13.9% Stricture formation | 0.3–0.4 |
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) | 4–10 |