Adverse effects and risks with different ulcerative colitis treatments
| Medication | Observed side effects | Long-term risks/concerns |
| Anti-TNF therapy | Infusion reactions, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, arthralgia. | Lymphoma, paradoxical psoriasis, tuberculosis or viral hepatitis reactivation, infections. |
| Anti-integrin therapy | Headache, upper respiratory tract infection, arthralgia. | Very few reported. |
| Anti-IL12/23 therapy | Infusion reactions, headache, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhoea, arthralgia. | Infections. |
| JAK inhibitors | Temporary worsening of diarrhoea, headache. | Varicella reactivation, hypercholesterolaemia, infections, increased risk of cardiovascular events. |
| S1P receptor modulators | Nausea, arthralgia, headache. | Liver function abnormalities. |
IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; TNF, tumour necrosis factor .