• COVID-19

Like many across the world, in January we tend to contemplate what we hope to achieve in the upcoming year. Of course, these are not hard and fast objectives due to a combination of overambition (which frequently leads to my gym goals being modified) and unforeseen circumstance. It would be an understatement to say that 2020 was affected by unforeseen circumstance. Nevertheless, as healthcare professionals we have united in our response to the COVID-19 pandemic and in our attempts to continue to provide a quality service for our patients. Here, we look back over the past year and review what we have learnt about COVID-19 and its effects on how we work as gastroenterologists as well as what questions remain unanswered.

The pandemic was initially accompanied with an explosion of case reports. Flicking through Twitter on the commute, one learnt that ‘COVID-19 causes pancreatitis1 ’, ’COVID-19 causes encephalitis2 ’ and ‘COVID-19 causes orchitis3 ’ which left you wondering what inflammatory condition the disease was not associated with. It soon became apparent that gastrointestinal symptoms were not uncommon and that they may be associated with a more severe disease phenotype.4 5 Abnormal liver function tests are frequently observed and may be associated with a more severe disease phenotype.6 7 Whether or not this represents a direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection is still up for debate and long-term follow-up data are required to further understand the implications of developing COVID-19 on the function of the gastrointestinal tract.

The virulence and transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 necessitated rapid changes in how we had to work. There were clear concerns regarding the risks of endoscopy to both patients and staff8 given the potential for aerosolisation and faecal transmission of the virus,9 although subsequent reports demonstrated that the use of appropriate PPE significantly ameliorates this risk.10 Predicting the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to our patients has been challenging and the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) worked quickly to develop guidance regarding which patient groups should shield.11 12 International registry work provided observations demonstrating increased risk of adverse outcome in patients with decompensated liver disease13 and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using corticosteroids, but not those using anti-TNF agents14 or patients post liver transplant.15 However, further work is required to reassure both patients and healthcare professionals managing patients with chronic gastrointestinal disorders regarding the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection such that appropriate treatment and lifestyle advice can be offered.

In order to protect our patients and respond to the surge of patients with COVID-19, our healthcare service evolved into a ‘COVID-centric’ machine. With the workforce redeployed to facilitate this, great sections of gastroenterology services, including IBD services, either stopped or were significantly reduced.16 To stop the spread of the virus, many patients stayed at home. Secondary effects attributed to a reduction of service provision and the avoidance of healthcare have been sadly observed, including increased mortality from upper gastrointestinal bleeding in London17 and a reduction in endoscopic gastrointestinal cancer diagnoses at a large UK centre.18 Furthermore, nationwide lockdowns have led to both an increase in sedentary behaviour and alcohol consumption19 with a subsequent increase in the number of patients with severe alcohol-related liver disease observed in a London teaching hospital following relaxation of the lockdown.20 This is likely to be the tip of the iceberg with more secondary effects becoming apparent as time passes.

As Benjamin Franklin said ‘out of adversity comes opportunity’. The pandemic has led to great innovation and re-evaluation of how we work as gastroenterologists, with many units demonstrating great flexibility in adapting their services. We have realised that we need to make patient pathways simpler and with a greater focus on non-invasive testing. Examples of this are a ‘no biopsy approach’ to the management to coeliac disease,21 clear guidance management strategies and when to refer patients with potential upper gastrointestinal physiology disorders22 and telemedicine which has been used to great effect across the breadth of gastroenterology.23–25 Although many of us miss seeing our patients face-to-face, there are undoubtedly benefits for patients in terms of the convenience of avoiding travel to hospitals with secondary positive effects on the environment.

When we must see patients, we should aim to streamline this experience to prevent multiple attendances, such as the ‘one-stop’ approach to assessing patients with liver disease adopted in Queensland, Australia.26 Moreover, we have realised the importance of effectively communicating changes to service provision to patients, particularly given the volume of misinformation available on social media. A team from Birmingham demonstrated that patients with IBD were less likely to be concerned about their risk of contracting COVID-19 if they had a single interaction with the IBD service (which included a generic letter or visit to the Crohn’s and Colitis UK website).27 Ongoing work with patients is required to continue to simplify and innovate care provision to ensure the same high standards are maintained while reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure.

Despite the lessons of 2020, the new year has brought fresh challenges. We are now in the midst of a greater surge of cases and mortality than during the peak of the first wave. On the horizon, the vaccination programme provides hope. While the BSG has issued guidance recommending vaccination of patients with IBD and liver disease,28 29 we need to rapidly assimilate data regarding a vaccination strategy across the breadth of patients with gastroenterology conditions. The pandemic has brought us together as healthcare professionals globally as we share responsibility in providing care for patients, as well as through a collaborative research effort to respond to the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19. We hope that this united approach to healthcare continues and at Frontline Gastroenterology, we remain dedicated to promoting work that guides and improves practice at the coalface for healthcare professionals and patients. Now to make a list of aims for 2021…