Background and aim Peripheral cytopaenias and dyspoiesis are common in cirrhosis; however, the prevalence of dyspoiesis and its contribution in cirrhosis-related cytopaenias has not been studied. We aimed to study the bone marrow (BM) dyspoiesis and its impact on peripheral blood cell counts and refractory anaemia in patients with cirrhosis.

Patients and methods We reviewed all the BM aspirates and biopsies of cirrhotic cases, done from 2011 to 2018 for clinical indications. Dyspoiesis was considered if >5% of the precursor cells of any of the three lineages showed dyspoietic changes. Primary haematological or non-haematological malignancies, chronic kidney disease, drug intake, acute and chronic hepatitis and granulomatous disease were excluded.

Results Of 608 these, 82 cases (13.5%) showed dyspoiesis in the BM precursors. There was no difference in age (p=0.16), gender (p=0.58) and spleen size (p=0.35) in cases with or without dyspoiesis. Majority of the cases had dyspoiesis in erythroid series (62, 75.6%) and megakaryocytes (15, 18.2%). Dyspoiesis was more prominent in alcoholics 44 cases (53.6%) and autoimmune diseases 13 cases (15.8%). Erythroid hyperplasia (47.7±14.4 vs 40±11.1; p<0.001) was more in cases with dyserythropoiesis, indicating ineffective erythropoiesis. Patients with dyspoiesis had lower haemoglobin (7.5±1.9 vs 9.3±2.2 g/dL, p<0.001). 54 (8.07%) had refractory anaemia with dyspoiesis present in 48 (88.8%) (p<0.01). Dyspoiesis was independently associated with refractory anaemia when adjusted for age, gender, aetiology and liver disease severity.

Conclusions BM dyspoiesis, especially dyserythropoiesis, is associated with severe refractory anaemia in patients with cirrhosis and requires new therapeutic approaches.